The growing popularity of drugs like Ozempic, Mounjaro and Wegovy, designed to help people with Type 2 diabetes and obesity, has raised new questions about what those drugs could mean for pregnancy and fertility.
The medications, which mimic hormones found in the body, have grown in popularity thanks to reported use by celebrities and posts from everyday people on social media about successful weight loss, many from women of childbearing age.
Given as a daily oral medication or weekly injection, the drugs help people produce insulin and lower the amount of sugar in the blood, which is why they help manage Type 2 diabetes.
Mounjaro and Ozempic are approved to treat Type 2 diabetes, but some doctors prescribe them "off-label" for weight loss. Wegovy is specifically approved for weight loss for people with obesity or who are overweight.
They also work by slowing down movement of food through the stomach and curbing appetite, thereby causing weight loss.
Side effects of the drugs can include severe nausea and constipation.
Because these compounds are relatively new on the market -- approved by the Food and Drug Administration within the last 5 years to treat Type 2 diabetes and obesity -- there is still research to be done on exactly how they impact women of childbearing age, experts say.
"Good Morning America" spoke with two experts who shared the latest on these drugs and pregnancy.
No, according to Dr. Amanda Velazquez, director of obesity medicine in the Department of Surgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
"This class of medications are not recommended for women who are pregnant," Velazquez told "GMA." "There have not been any studies that have been conducted to test these drugs in women who are currently pregnant, so they're not at this time recommended."
Ozempic and Wegovy are made from a compound called semaglutide, and Mounjaro contains a compound called tirzepatide.
The FDA also says in its safety profiles of these drugs that they should not be taken during pregnancy, noting there is "insufficient data" available.
The FDA also explains that the drugs could cause weight loss, and that "weight loss offers no benefit to a pregnant patient and may cause fetal harm."
Velazquez noted that in addition to there not being enough human research to show these drugs are safe during pregnancy, animal studies have shown complications.
"For a human, what's the effect on baby or mom? We don't know," she said. "However, from animal studies we know that animals that were on these medications and pregnant, it reduced the embryo size and it can cause abnormalities, developmental abnormalities, for the developing fetus."
The FDA recommends that people discontinue treatment at least two months before they plan to become pregnant.
Dr. Sarah Lassey, a board-certified OB-GYN and co-director of the diabetes in pregnancy program at Boston's Brigham and Women’s Hospital, said that window of time allows the medication to leave the body.
"We know that these medications can kind of be in your body for a longer period of time," Lassey told "GMA". "So we recommend transitioning off of this class of medication essentially two to three months prior to when you plan to start getting pregnant."
Going off of the medications should be done under the supervision of a medical provider, just as when you start the medications, according to both Lassey and Velazquez.
No, according to Velazquez.
"This is a very standard risk," she said. "These drugs are like drugs in other medical classes that we use in the sense that you shouldn't be looking at these as unique."
Velazquez said the medications for Type 2 diabetes and obesity should not be looked at differently than other drugs that a person would take for heart disease or high blood pressure, for example.
"It's not the drugs, it's that we see them as an option versus something that's medically necessary," she said, "when really this is medically necessary for many patients who find it difficult to lose weight, and that's 70% of the population who are overweight or obese right now."
Drugs like Ozempic, Mounjaro and Wegovy can be very effective in helping people with Type 2 diabetes lower their blood sugar levels and get to a healthy weight, which can be critical for a healthy pregnancy, according to Lassey.
"We know that poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy is associated with both maternal and fetal outcomes in a pregnancy," she said, noting those risks can include miscarriage, birth defect, stillbirth and preeclampsia. "Our way to prevent any of these adverse outcomes is to control blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c in the time prior to conceiving as well as throughout the pregnancy."
MORE: What to know about Ozempic as demand for the drug leads to shortageLassey said that while the medications aren't recommended generally for people who want to become pregnant in a short amount of time, they can help people who might want to conceive in the future lose weight and improve their overall health.
"If you're a 20 to 30-year-old with diabetes and obesity, potentially, I think these classes of medications have really significant benefit for improving your blood sugar values and improving your overall cardiovascular profile," she said. "So we'd recommend those medications knowing that down the line, if and when you were to conceive, we would have to change those medications."
Lassey said there is not enough long-term research at this point to know how the medications may impact fertility.
"We just don't know," she said, adding, "However, we know that when people have better blood sugar control and things like that, they have lower rates of miscarriage and improvement in their fertility, typically."
A person who becomes pregnant unexpectedly while taking one of these drugs should contact their healthcare provider, who can help them transition off the medication and make sure they are receiving proper maternal care.
The FDA will monitor any cases where women are exposed to semaglutide (found in Wegovy and Ozempic) during pregnancy. The agency says pregnant women who are impacted and healthcare providers should contact the drug's manufacturer.
No, the medications have not been proven to be safe while breastfeeding, according to both Lassey and Velazquez.
"The data about breastfeeding, even about the availability of whether or not you can find these drugs in the breast milk, is very limited," Lassey said. "It just hasn't been studied yet, so we wait to initiate these medications until patients report that they have stopped breastfeeding."
Both doctors also said that knowing that the medications will need to be stopped during pregnancy and breastfeeding should not prevent a person from considering them.
"This shouldn't be a barrier to one trying out these drugs if they qualify and if they think this would be a good adjunct to their treatment plan from their healthcare provider," said Velazquez. "What we do is we start the drug, in conjunction with a healthy lifestyle plan, we help them lose weight, improve their weight-related medical conditions and optimize their health for a healthier pregnancy and a healthier overall being ... and then you [can] resume the medication once you're done breastfeeding."
Editor’s Note: An earlier version of this article said that all three drugs contained the compound semaglutide. It has been corrected to specify that Ozempic and Wegovy contain semaglutide, while Mounjaro contains tirzepatide.
